The food of Sicily reflects the diversity of cultures that overlaid the island during the past two millennia. Hold an arancino in your hand and you are holding an edible artefact of this island’s history. It can only be Sicilian.
Its origins are an amalgam, perhaps traced back first to the Greeks who introduced the cheese. Then the Arabs who contributed the rice and saffron, and the way that a ball of rice would be eaten with the hand accompanied or followed by a scoop of meat. The style of cooking and the Italian word ragù derives from the French ragout – a slow-cooked, French-style stew. Where did the French come from? They supplanted the Spaniards, taking their turn at dominion over this jewel of the Mediterranean. It was the Spaniards, ruling the Kingdom of Two Sicilies (which included Naples) who introduced the tomato, a product of the New World, so esteemed in southern Italian cuisine.
To take it even further, the arancini could be a miniature version of the towering rice timbales as cooked by the Monsù, the trained French chefs in the baronial kitchens during Bourbon Baroque times.
Sicilians love myths, exaggerations and stories, and so the story goes that in the thirteenth century, Frederick II of Swabia and the King of Sicily, was responsible for the original arancino. Frederick was said to be a keen hunter with a healthy appetite. He wanted a rounded meal for when he was on the prowl. Simple – take a handful of cooked rice, create a hollow, fill it, encase it in more rice and there you have it. A satisfying, self-contained meal, that was portable and could be eaten hot or cold.
But what is the proper shape for an arancino/arancina? In Catania and eastern Sicily arancini are conical or pear-shaped. Stretch the imagination a little and the Catanese arancini could resemble the peak of a mountain. Is this to pay homage to Mount Etna, on whose flanks Catania is clustered? The name of this ancient, forbidding mountain comes from the Greek Aitho, which means ‘to burn’. The active volcano, sacred in classical literature and mythology, towers above Catania and the surrounding countryside – just one of the reasons why so many holiday on the island in stunning villas.
If not the mountain, then the making determines the shape. To form an arancino about a tablespoon of rice is placed in the palm of the hand and flattened into a disc. The filling is then placed into the centre of the disc and the rice is formed around the filling with upright fingers to encase it completely.
Of course, on the north coast around Palermo with its Moorish and Norman influences), arancina are round, the shape resembles an orange – like the archetypal fruit of Sicily. Because the Roman Empire was so extensive, the Romans knew about oranges through their travels, however it was during the Arab period that citrus fruit were first cultivated in Sicily.
Arancini have gone through many changes over time. According to one food writer and historian from Catania, they were initially rice croquettes shaped like cucumbers and much larger than they are today. Some were made in monasteries, and over time became smaller in size. Originally they were probably fried in lard, and why not? Some of the best cannoli, another Sicilian delicacy closely associated with Catania, are still fried in lard.
Originally, all Sicilian rice dishes were made with boiled rice. Risotto was the regional speciality of northern Italy. Italians speak about keeping l’anima (the soul) in pasta or rice. It means that it must never be overcooked. Purists will tell you that no eggs are needed to bind the rice nor as a dip for the arancino. Traditionally, arancini are dipped in a pastella, a batter of flour and water. This coats the rice before the breadcrumbs and makes the shell crisp and robust and keeps the filling soft.
