Does being a vegetarian lower your risk of cancer? | WCRF International (2024)

We would expect that because vegetarians and vegans do not eat meat and have a higher intake of plant foods, people who follow these diets have a lower cancer risk

  • Topic: Combination of cancers
  • Institution: University of Oxford
  • Country: United Kingdom
  • Status: Ongoing

Does being a vegetarian lower your risk of cancer? | WCRF International (1)

Researcher: Aurora Perez-Cornago

  • Grant awarded in 2019

Grant title

Vegetarian diets and cancer risk: analysis of individual participant data from nine prospective studies

Background

Diets rich in plant foods, such as fruit, vegetables and whole grains, have been associated with lower cancer risk, while eating red and processed meat increases colorectal cancer risk and may increase risk of other cancers. Vegetarians (those that exclude all meat and fish) and vegans (those that further exclude dairy products and eggs) usually consume a higher amount of plant foods compared with people who eat meat.

We would expect that because vegetarians and vegans do not eat meat and have a higher intake of plant foods, people who follow these diets have a lower cancer risk. However, these diets are also generally relatively low in some important nutrients and we don’t know if that may increase risk of some cancers.

While some studies have observed that those who follow a vegetarian diet have a lower risk of developing cancer as a whole, no individual study has been able to show with enough reliability that vegetarians have a lower risk of developing specific cancers (eg colorectal cancer, breast cancer or prostate cancer).

We propose that all relevant studies worldwide need to be put together to be able to answer this important question.

Aims and objectives

Our aim is to study if people who follow a vegetarian (including vegan) diet have a lower risk of developing certain cancers, compared with people who eat meat. Our objectives are to:

  1. Combine data from all international population studies that have a significant number of vegetarians.
  2. Asses with great accuracy if, compared with people who eat meat, people who follow a vegetarian diet have a lower risk of developing cancer looking at individual cancer sites, and also at tumour aggressiveness.

How it will be done

We will combine data from studies worldwide that included at least 25 per cent vegetarians or that have at least 5,000 vegetarians in their cohort. Participants must have been followed up to see if they develop cancer, and this should have been accurately assessed during the follow-up.

We have already identified nine eligible studies from Europe, the US, India and Taiwan, which would give a total of over 1.9 million participants, 90,000 vegetarians, and 190,000 new cancer cases. These studies will send the data of their participants to the Cancer Epidemiology Unit (University of Oxford), where it will be checked, harmonised and used to perform the statistical analyses.

To assess if vegetarian diets are related to lower risk of individual cancer sites compared with people who eat meat, we will use a statistical model in which we will take into account the length of follow-up, age and some important health and lifestyle characteristics of the participants.

Potential impact

This international collaboration provides the unique opportunity to assess with accuracy if people who follow a vegetarian or vegan diet have a lower risk of developing specific cancers. This will offer insights into the role of plant-based diets in cancer risk, and should have important implications for public health.

Grant publications

Perez-Cornago, A, Smith-Byrne, K, Hazelwood, E, et al. Genetic predisposition to metabolically unfavourable adiposity and prostate cancer risk: A Mendelian randomization analysis. Cancer Med. 2023; 12: 16482-16489.

Watling CZ, Kelly RK, Dunneram Y, Knuppel A, Piernas C, Schmidt JA, Travis RC, Key TJ, Perez-Cornago A. Associations of intakes of total protein, protein from dairy sources, and dietary calcium with risks of colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer: a prospective analysis in UK Biobank. Br J Cancer. 2023 Sep;129(4):636-647. doi: 10.1038/s41416-023-02339-2. Epub 2023 Jul 5. PMID: 37407836; PMCID: PMC10421858.

Cody Z. Watling, Rebecca K. Kelly, Neil Murphy, Marc Gunter, Carmen Piernas, Kathryn E. Bradbury, Julie A. Schmidt, Timothy J. Key, Aurora Perez-Cornago; Prospective Analysis Reveals Associations between Carbohydrate Intakes, Genetic Predictors of Short-Chain Fatty Acid Synthesis, and Colorectal Cancer Risk. Cancer Res 15 June 2023; 83 (12): 2066–2076.

Circulating insulin-like growth factors and risks of overall, aggressive and early-onset prostate cancer: a collaborative analysis of 20 prospective studies and Mendelian randomization analysis International Journal of Epidemiology, 21 June 2022

Risk of cancer in regular and low meat-eaters, fish-eaters, and vegetarians: a prospective analysis of UK Biobank participants

Does being a vegetarian lower your risk of cancer? | WCRF International (2024)

FAQs

Does being a vegetarian lower your risk of cancer? | WCRF International? ›

Can becoming vegetarian or vegan help lower your cancer risk? While no diet choice will guarantee that you won't develop cancer, cutting meat can help you lower your cancer risk. The American Institute for Cancer Research promotes a plant-based diet. Two-thirds or more of your plate should be plant-based foods.

Do vegetarians have a lower cancer risk? ›

Can becoming vegetarian or vegan help lower your cancer risk? While no diet choice will guarantee that you won't develop cancer, cutting meat can help you lower your cancer risk. The American Institute for Cancer Research promotes a plant-based diet. Two-thirds or more of your plate should be plant-based foods.

Is becoming a vegetarian the best way to lower your risk of cancer or heart disease? ›

Vegetarian diets were also linked to a lower risk of dying from cardiovascular disease. In addition, plant-based diets were associated with a reduction in risk factors for heart disease and cancer, including high body weight, inflammation and LDL or “bad” cholesterol.

Do vegetarians and people who eat less meat have a lower risk of cancer compared to heavy meat-eaters study suggests? ›

They found that vegetarians and vegans had a 14% lower overall cancer risk, compared to people who ate meat nearly every day (more than five times a week, on average).

Would the world be better if everyone was vegetarian? ›

A global shift to vegetarianism could potentially feed the world more sustainably and healthily. The environmental benefits of reduced meat production, combined with the health advantages of a well-balanced vegetarian diet, make a compelling case.

What is the number one cancer fighting food? ›

"Cancer-fighting foods"

The list is usually topped with berries, broccoli, tomatoes, walnuts, grapes and other vegetables, fruits and nuts. "If you look at the typical foods that reduce cancer risk, it's pretty much all plant foods that contain phytochemicals," says Wohlford.

What diet is best for cancer prevention? ›

Some of the best nutrition for preventing cancer and for generally living healthy can be found in the Mediterranean diet, which emphasizes natural and plant-based foods. Think more fruits, vegetables, nuts and lean protein, and less red meat and pre-packaged foods.

Should cancer patients become vegetarian? ›

A vegetarian diet can be healthy and safe for people with cancer as long as it follows some safety principles: Finding protein alternatives - Replace meat, poultry and fish with other sources of protein. It is not enough to just stop eating certain food items.

What diseases does being a vegetarian prevent? ›

Michael Orlich , Assistant Professor of Preventive Medicine: In our study, the vegetarians compared to the non-vegetarians do have a lower risk of chronic disease, a lower risk of high blood pressure, lower risk of high cholesterol, a lower risk of diabetes and are less obese and a lower risk of dying from heart ...

Is it safer to be vegetarian? ›

Following a vegetarian diet may reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes and some cancers. But some vegetarian diets may rely too heavily on processed foods with too many calories, and too much sugar, fat and salt. These diets may not include enough fruits, vegetables, whole grains and nutrient-rich foods.

Is cancer linked to meat? ›

Eating processed meat increases your risk of bowel and stomach cancer. Red meat, such as beef, lamb and pork, has been classified as a Group 2A carcinogen which means it probably causes cancer.

Do vegetarians have less prostate cancer? ›

According to the American Institute for Cancer Research, a large U.S. study found that men following a vegan or strictly plant-based diet were 35 percent less likely to develop prostate cancer. However, only men who followed a strict vegan diet experienced these improved outcomes.

Is red meat a myth for colon cancer? ›

Recent studies published in the journal Cancer Science have disproved the common myth that consumption of red meat increases colorectal cancer risk.

Were humans meant to be vegetarians? ›

Humans have evolved to be omnivorous, eating both animals and plants for survival. However, this evolutionary fact doesn't mean that you have to eat meat.

Do vegetarians live longer than meat? ›

A team of researchers at Loma Linda University in the United States has shown vegetarian men live for an average of 10 years longer than non-vegetarian men — 83 years compared to 73 years. For women, being vegetarian added an extra 6 years to their lives, helping them reach 85 years on average.

Will people be healthier if they become vegetarian? ›

Health benefits of a vegetarian diet

A well-balanced vegetarian or vegan diet can provide many health benefits, such as a reduced risk of chronic diseases, including: obesity. coronary heart disease. hypertension (high blood pressure)

What culture has the lowest cancer rate? ›

Asian individuals had the lowest cancer death rates across age groups. Compared with Asian individuals, total cancer death rates were 39% higher in NHPI men and 73% higher in NHPI women. Conclusions: There were striking racial and ethnic disparities in cancer death rates during 2018-2020.

Do vegetarians have less health problems? ›

Following a vegetarian diet may reduce the risk of heart disease, diabetes and some cancers. But some vegetarian diets may rely too heavily on processed foods with too many calories, and too much sugar, fat and salt. These diets may not include enough fruits, vegetables, whole grains and nutrient-rich foods.

Do vegetarians lead more healthy lives? ›

As a result, they're likely to have lower total and LDL (bad) cholesterol, lower blood pressure, and lower body mass index (BMI), all of which are associated with longevity and a reduced risk for many chronic diseases. But there still aren't enough data to say exactly how a vegetarian diet influences long-term health.

Do vegans have less colon cancer? ›

Unfortunately, plant-based diets cannot reverse colon cancer. However, research suggests that following a plant-based diet may help reduce the risk of developing the cancer. In addition, plant-based diets tend to be rich in nutrients, which are important to support the immune system in cancer survivorship.

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